How Parents Handle The Divorce - 934 Words

It is also interesting to note, that the symptoms and feelings described above tend to be present regardless of how the parents handle the divorce. Research has shown that even when a divorce is friendly, children still experience the same things and respond in the same ways (Rappaport, 2013). These initial symptoms and reactions however, do tend to fade over time, as children adjust to their new lives (Rappaport, 2013). It is understandable to see the many reactions described above, due to the levels of stress associated with the situation. As we know, as more and more time passes, the less likely one is to carry these feelings, fears, reactions and behaviours (Bernet, 2015). That being said, there is still the potential and risk for long term effects within children.These long term effects are still noticeable even after a significant amount of time has passed. It’s estimated that 25% of children have severe long term effects carrying out through to much older ages (Rappapo rt, 2013). This 25% will have greater emotional and behavioural problems in comparison to non divorced kids and high stress kids in general (Rappaport, 2013). The long term affects of divorce have severe implications on the lives of the children that struggle with them. These numerous effects tend to shape their day to day living and remain with them throughout the rest of their lives (Affects of Divorce on Children). Those children that are not able to resolve their struggles around divorce are atShow MoreRelated divorce Essay815 Words   |  4 Pages Divorcenbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Divorce rates in the United States have increased dramatically over the past 25 years. Researchers have found that more than 40 percent of all marriages among young Americans end in divorce resulting in its acceptance in today’s family structure and behavior (â€Å"Demographics†). Divorce has become such a painless process that the moment a couple hits the rocks it is easier and less stressful for them to divorce rather than going throughRead MoreWill Children Of Divorce Be Doomed? Their Own Relationships?1414 Words   |  6 PagesKelsey Huffine English Amy Tibbals 12 April 2016 Will Children of Divorce Be Doomed in Their Own Relationships In today’s society divorce is very common. We hear people talk about all the time how children with divorced parents are most likely to fail in their own relationships. So do they? I believe that it can effect your future. I think that whether or not you fail in a relationship it is going to effect you in other aspects of your relationship either making you fail or beating the odds andRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Divorce1710 Words   |  7 PagesGetting a divorce is not an easy decision. As a matter of fact, for many people getting a divorce is one of the hardest things they will have to deal with. Divorce has a long-lasting effect on the entire family. For example, according to Clarke-Stewart and Brentano (2006, p. 56), the couple getting a divorce can feel anxious and depressed by the situation. They also mention that children can be the most affected because they might feel confused and betrayed. However, the aftermath of divorce is differentRead MoreEffect Of Divorce On Children1068 Words   |  5 PagesEffects of Divorce on Children While divorce may reduce strain on a failing marriage, it may cause damaging effects on the children. Often times parents are too concerned on the marriage to notice the effects on children. From the way parents react in front of the children to new marriages all can directly affect the daily lives, and behavior of children. Though, there are ways to mitigate some of the issues that can come with divorce, possibly avoiding some of the effects all together. UnfortunatelyRead More How Divorce Effects Kids Essay951 Words   |  4 Pagesmistrust issue; therefore, more so than not, these types of situations will ultimately result in a divorce. The most frequently asked question over the last two decades has been, â€Å"Does divorce effect children and how so?† Studies have shown that divorce affects children in many ways: affects their self-esteem, feels as thought they lose a parent, and takes away their sense of family. The divorce rate has quadrupled from 4.3 million in 1970 to 18.3 million in 1996 (quoted form census bureau’s releaseRead MoreDivorce983 Words   |  4 PagesWeek 2 Divorce Functionalist view emphasizes the contribution it makes to overall social stability. The divorce can actually benefit the child in several ways. If the parents were being abusive to one another and/or to the children involved prior to the divorce chances are the divorce will result in less fighting/arguing among the parents which in return would result in a better environment for the child. In some cases if a parent is abusing alcohol or drugs and it leads to the divorce, removingRead MoreHow Does Divorce Affect Children?1364 Words   |  6 PagesHOW DOES DIVORCE AFFECT CHILDREN? By Angela Russell Suzanne Sutphin Soc201 March 19, 2016 HOW DOES DIVORCE AFFECT CHILDREN Introduction I. Statistics of Divorce A. Divorce rates in early 1900s 1. Reasons for divorce in early 1900s B. Divorce Rate in 2000s 1. Reasons for divorce in 2000s II. How kids handle divorce A. Attitude 1. School life 2. Home life B. Blame 1. One parent vs the other parent 2. Anger III. Helping kids handle the split A. Therapy 1. One on one therapy 2. Family counselingRead MoreEffect Of Divorce On Children1045 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION Many studies have shown that the effects of divorce on children are hard to handle. In some cases, they are extreme and require counselling and therapy to help. In other cases, the child doesn’t even realize anything is wrong or is too young to understand it. Divorce causes many different types of issues in the parents; including depression. Which then in turn, affects the children. Divorce has many life changing effects on the whole entire family. Studies have proven that there areRead MoreThe Effects Of Divorce On Children And Children900 Words   |  4 PagesDivorce in and of itself does not harm children; it is the intensity and duration of the conflict between parents that negatively impacts a children adjustment. After a divorce or separation, it isn’t uncommon for children to display some behavioral issues. A child acting out shouldn’t come as a complete surprise because after all, a divorce is a challenging obstacle for the entire family to go through. Behavioral issues in children of divorce can range from mild acting out to destructive behaviorRead MoreHow Divorce Affects Children1359 Words   |  6 PagesHow Divorce Affects Children When a person starts considering marriage, that person is looking for the marriage to last for a life time. That person thinks that they have found their soulmate in life, the person they want to spend eternity with. Maybe one day start a family with and start a life of their own together. What someone thinks is the perfect marriage or perfect relationship for them could turn out to be the exact opposite. What they thought was a nice a person turned out to be an abuser

Influence of Fast Food on Children Free Essays

â€Å"You are what you eat†, is a well known saying. Its message really means that if you eat healthy foods, you are most likely to be healthy. The good and healthy foods which include fresh fruits, green vegetables, fibre rich grains, pulses etc are considered old fashioned. We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of Fast Food on Children or any similar topic only for you Order Now Kids and teenagers today are opting for a greasy burger and a bag of fries, with a soda included to complete the meal. It is the age of fast-food. Eating fast-food means instant gratification. And eating fast-food much of the time can seriously injure the health of anybody, especially growing children and teenagers. Everywhere they are lamenting that obesity is on the rise, especially amongst children. Blame it on salt or sugar. Call it the fast-food disaster, but a meal at a fast-food restaurant could expose a child to unnaturally high levels of salt. The daily recommended dosage of salt is no more than 6gm per day for an adult and 3gm per day for a child. Studies have shown that Fast-Food meals can easily contain four times that amount of salt for a child. Moreover, these fast-food meals are extremely high in calories. Eat a small amount and you will be packing on the pounds rapidly. Besides, an excess of salt in the body can send children’s blood pressure soaring, thereby putting them at the risk of both stroke and heart disease. The consequences of bad eating are many. From skin problems to obesity, poor digestion, an inability to think clearly, a general lack of energy, constant mood swings and blood sugar inconsistencies. The excess sugar in the fast foods leads to diabetes in children. I have a personal experience related to this. One of my classmates in IV std had bad eating habits. His lunch box was almost always packed with burgers, fried chicken or French fries. Added to this he was always seen drinking colas. Due to this he was overweight and physically inactive. Unfortunately, during the same year he was diagnosed as diabetic. Doctors placed all the diet restrictions for him and medications to take for the remaining life. It was a sad thing to happen at such a young age. My advice to all of the young friends, please cultivate a habit to consume Good Food which includes fresh fruits, green vegetables, milk, fibre rich grains, pulses, fish etc to be healthy and fit. Thank You How to cite Influence of Fast Food on Children, Essays

Macroeconomics Youth Unemployment in the UK

Question: Discuss about theMacroeconomicsfor Youth Unemployment in the UK. Answer: Introduction The present report examines the impact of increasing youth unemployment on economic growth of the UK as per the data provided in the case study. Relative importance of private consumption and net exports on UK's economic recovery in 2011 As depicted from the data, the real GDP (Gross Domestic Product) growth rate of the UK shows a sudden decrease from the period of 2007-2010 but shows some recovery signs in the year 2011. The main reason attributed to the decline in GDP growth rate of the UK is the rapid increase in the unemployment rate leading to less tax-revenue and increased benefit payments. The rapid economic recovery of the UK in 2011 is on account of increasing exports to countries outside European Union as its exports to European Union countries declined to over 45% since the period of 2007-2011 (Monaghan, 2014). The growth in export of goods particularly those of finished manufacturers are responsible for increase in net trade growth rate of the UK. The export of goods and services accounted for about 19% GDP in the year 2011. The growth in exports has contributed largely in reducing the increasing unemployment rate by creating job opportunities. In addition to this, the largest contribution to the economic recovery of the UK in year 2011 is due to decline in private consumption. The weak private consumption helped in maintaining a stable GDP growth rate. The lower government consumption also contributed significantly in recovery of GDP growth rate in the UK (Faruqee, 2013). Impact of Youth Unemployment on Present and Future Economic Growth The high rate of unemployment among the younger generation of a country leads to its reduced productivity and gross domestic products (GDP) as depicted from the data provided. The GDP growth rate of both the countries, that are, the UK and South Korea is largely impacted by the rising unemployment rate. It is due to less revenue realised from taxes and large investment of the government is promoting social benefits leading to reduced GDP (Gunderson and Fazio, 2014). The increase in youth unemployment has a negative effect on the present as well as future employability of the young people. Wage scaring is considered as one of the reasons for long-lasting effect on youth unemployment on economic growth. Wage scaring is defined as the long-term negative effects of unemployment on future labour market. It means that individuals with high level of unemployment are more likely to suffer from negative labour market conditions in comparison to employed individuals (Boura, 2015). The unemployed individuals are likely to receive lower pay and reduced job opportunities in the long-term causing lower income generation for the country. Besides this, high level of youth unemployment in present causes greater mental health problems in the younger generation reducing their chances of their future personal growth and success. Employers often consider long-period of unemployment on CV (Curriculum Vitae) of a person to be negative and thus does not hire that person to a higher level job. Also, high period of unemployment suffered by a person also lead to degradation of skills and confidence of an individual declining the future growth possibilities. The decline in the cognitive skills such as learning and reasoning skills negatively affects the workforce productivity therefore reducing the chances of their future growth and promotion (Gunderson and Fazio, 2014). It has been demonstrated by a report of British Household Panel data that the unemployment in young adults b etween the age group of 18-24 had a direct impact on their future pay and mental well-being. Thus, the decline in financial and mental well-being of young generation in present due to high unemployment level will cause the aged population group of the country to become less skilled and competent. Thus, as such wage scarring have a profound impact in the present as well as future growth aspects of the economy (The jobless young Left behind, 2011). Vocational Education as a Key to Reduce Unemployment in the UK Vocational education is imparting skills and competencies to the younger generation people relating to a specific trade or occupation. It is also known as career or technical education through which individuals are prepared to perform their job role properly. It mainly aims to provide necessary skills in learners for preparing them to particular job role in which an individual seek to make the career. The increasing unemployment rate in the UK is mainly due to unskilled labour force that proves to be a main obstacle for them to earn employment. The business organisations are often finding it difficult to find the people with right skills for the particular job roles (Rauner and Maclean, 2008). As such, the young individuals need to prepare themselves in a way so that they can perform well in the business context through undertaking proper training. Vocational schools, in this regard, are providing highly beneficial for the young people as they provide them the necessary training for their all-round development. Vocational schools provide training sessions aiming at developing interpersonal skills of an individual for increasing the probability of achieving success in the professional field (Speckesser, 2015). Vocational schools also provide technical education to the learners so that they are able to develop knowledge regarding the various new technologies used by the business organisations in their operational processes. This increases the chances of their hiring in technology companies that encompasses the use of high technologies in developing their products and services. The UK government is presently emphasising on developing vocational schools for improving young generation skills and making them more competent to become employed (Rauner and Maclean, 2008). This is due to the existence of a direct link between the vocational training and low youth unemployment. The government is working in collaboration with the schools and colleges of the country as well to prepare students in such a way that there are able to effectively meet the industry standards. Thus, government is implementing plans and policies to impart vocational training to the younger generation right from the academic c urriculum. In addition to this, the UK government is also aiming to develop vocational schools that are specially meant for providing training to the learners seeking for employment. The government is planning to provide apprenticeship opportunities to each youth of the country for developing necessary skills in them that can provide them employment in future context (Speckesser, 2015). Conclusion It can be summarised from the overall discussion that rising unemployment level in the UK is having a negative impact on its economic growth and development. References Boura, S. 2015. The Social Impact of the Crisis on Youth Unemployment: Comparative Study Spain and Greece. Anchor Academic Publishing (aap_verlag). Faruqee, H. 2013. Global Rebalancing: A Roadmap for Economic Recovery. International Monetary Fund. Gunderson, M. and Fazio, F. 2014. Tackling Youth Unemployment. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Monaghan, A. 2014. Seven things you need to know about the UK economy. Retrieved October 11, 2016, from https://www.theguardian.com/business/economics-blog/2014/apr/24/uk-economy-seven-things-need-to-know-ons-g7 Rauner, F. and Maclean, R. 2008. Handbook of Technical and Vocational Education and Training Research. Springer Science Business Media. Speckesser, S. 2015. Work experience key to improving skills and reducing youth unemployment. [Retrieved October 11, 2016, from https://www.employment-studies.co.uk/news/work-experience-key-improving-skills-and-reducing-youth-unemployment The jobless young Left behind. 2011. Retrieved October 11, 2016, from https://www.economist.com/node/21528614

War in Afghanistan Should the U.S. Pull Out Now

September 11, 2001 terrorists’ attacks on American did trigger United States and United Kingdom to invade Afghanistan in search of prime terrorist, Osama Bin Laden, the master mind of terrorists who is responsible for the terrorist activities across the world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on War in Afghanistan: Should the U.S. Pull Out Now? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Osama Bin Laden belongs to Al-Qaeda terrorist organization that has it basis in Afghanistan, allied to Taliban regime that provides them with a haven to propagate their terrorism activities. Hence, United States armed forces in conjunction with United Kingdom armed forces launched a massive operation to oust Taliban regime and flush out Al-Qaeda organization from Afghanistan, as a way of overcoming terrorism. Currently, United States troops have been in Afghanistan for more than a decade and have made significant fight against Al-Qaeda t errorists. Therefore, the United States need to pull out its troops from Afghanistan because the cost of retaining them is unsustainable, Al-Qaeda organization is no longer a threat, and that Afghanistan requires independence to fight terrorism. The United States have incurred significant cost in terms of both lives and resources in combating Al-Qaeda terrorists in Afghanistan. Statistics shows that about 1500 troops have died, and more than 1500 troops have suffered serious injurious in the course of fighting Al-Qaeda. Loss of soldiers due to death and incapacitation is a significant loss that United States should no longer suffer after a decade of war in Afghanistan. Moreover, the cost of retaining troops in Afghanistan is about $120 billion a year. The cost of retaining troops in Afghanistan is not sustainable because it contributes considerably to the federal deficit that is approaching $15 trillion. Hence, United States troops should pull out from Afghanistan to alleviate incre asing federal deficit that may cripple economy. In the past decade, United States and its allies have made significant progress in fighting against terrorism. During the onset of Afghanistan war, the United States managed to oust Taliban regime, which provided a haven for Al-Qaeda organization to thrive and propagate its terrorism activities against United States and its allies across the world. Additionally, United States troops have managed to flush out Al-Qaeda terrorists from their hideouts, thus weakening their influence. Remarkable fight against Al-Qaeda culminated when United States troops killed Osama Bin Laden, the mastermind of Al-Qaeda organization, in 2011. Therefore, since Al-Qaeda organization is no longer strong in Afghanistan, United States should pull out its troops.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Since the United States troops have liberated Afghanista n citizens from the oppressive regime of Taliban and overcome Al-Qaeda terrorists, they should provide independence and support to Afghanistan government to combat terrorism. Lack of independence in fighting terrorism is a challenge that has made Afghanistan government be unable to fight terrorism. Currently, Afghanistan government has appreciable development in areas such as economy, health, education, transport, politics and security. Hence, pull out of United States troops will empower Afghanistan to become independent in fighting terrorism. Conclusively, United States troops have stayed in Afghanistan for over a decade and have made a significant contribution in the fight against terrorism. For the past decade, Americans have endured high cost of retaining troops in Afghanistan because it increases federal deficit. Given that the United States troops have ousted Taliban regime, overcome Al-Qaeda, and killed its leader, Osama Bin Laden, they have achieved their mission, and thus they should pull out of Afghanistan. Moreover, Afghanistan government is currently strong enough to combat terrorism. Thus, United States should pull out its troops because of high cost of retaining troops, achievement of the mission, and stability Afghanistan government. This essay on War in Afghanistan: Should the U.S. Pull Out Now? was written and submitted by user Sebulba to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Personal Computers essays

Personal Computers essays In the last 1,000 years what has been the most revolutionary development? The answer would be the personal computer! Never has such a development been so promising, yet devastating at the same time. This miraculous invention comes two sided, the heads side being that we are now a very fast paced, and technologically advanced country, the tails side being that we now have in our midst a whole different accessibility to pornography, a decrease in physical activity of Americans, and a severe increase in opportunity for fraud and hacking. Before the personal computer was released to the public, only the mainframes existed. These mainframes took as much space as a Costco warehouse would take today! They were made up of PVC pipes and huge air-conditioning units for cooling the pipes off. Mainframes were primarily used for businesses or scientific studies. Personal computers brought a whole new light to the computer industry. Following the invention of the personal computer, a network was created by the military called the Internet. The Internet was made for the purpose that if an enemy were to strike us, we would have a network that was indestructible, consisting of independent servers all around the world. The military decided to extend this network to anyone who had a personal computer, thus creating a mass evolutionary transformation in the way everyone would communicate in the future. Along with this very good event came some sick people with the idea of pornography in mind. These people capitalized on the open market and it is now the most profitable profession on the Internet. In this past year there have been around 2,000 new sites every month. Like it or not, the online pornography industry has a knack for getting people to part with their money. Most mainstream Web sites do not. (Sun1) Another problem Americans face is the laziness of sitting down at a computer all day and not getting any physical activity. "...

Business Models And Its Managerial Implications Business Essay

Business Models And Its Managerial Implications Business Essay A business model describes the rationale of how an organization creates, delivers, and captures value – economic, social, or other forms. The process of framing the right business model design is an integral part of the company’s business strategy. In theory and practice the term business model is used for a broad range of informal and formal descriptions to highlight its basic objectives like its vision, core competencies, strategies, infrastructure, organizational structures, trading principles, and operational processes and policies.( Changing Business Models: Surveying the Landscape, J. Linder and S. Cantrell) The essence of a business model is that it defines the ways by which the business enterprise delivers value to customers, entices customers to pay for value, and converts those payments to profit: it thus reflects management’s intention of what customers want, how they want it, and how an enterprise can organize to best meet those needs, get paid for d oing so, and make a profit. After all the future of any company lies in the value that they deliver (David Teece 2010). Business models are used to describe and classify businesses (especially in an entrepreneurial scenario), but they are also used by managers inside companies to explore possibilities for future development, and finally well known business models operate as recipes for creative managers. 2. Role and Importance Nowadays, the business models used depends on the technology levels in the organization. Top level managers have created entirely new models that depend fully on existing or emergent technology. Using technology, businesses can reach a large number of customers with minimal costs. Such is its importance in today’s world that a properly framed business model provides clarity to any business. To identify and create value from an innovation, a start-up needs a well structured business model. Business models transform latest technology into outputs at the e conomic level. For emerging firms in industry, established business models cannot be followed, therefore there is a need to frame a new business model. Not only is the business model important, in some situations, innovation lies not in the product or service offered but in the business model itself. Taking into account the complexities of products, markets, and the environment in which the firm operates, very few individuals fully understand the organization’s tasks and objectives in their entirety. The technical experts and the business experts know each of their domains clearly. 3. The Domains of Business Model The conversion process that a business does is shown in the following diagram: Technical Inputs Business Model Economic Outputs A business model covers a plethora of business subjects, which includes financial, marketing, operational and entrepreneurial strategies. The business model itself is an important determinant of the firm’s revenues to be made from an idea. A well framed business model can outshadow even a weak innovation but a weakly framed business model will hide off a good innovation. 4. Components Following are the six major elements in business models: Value proposition – a clear description of the root cause for customer need, the product that will satisfy the need, and the delivered value of the product from customer’s view.

Home work Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Home work - Assignment Example The Germans thus sought to gain from the political instability in the country by financing the numerous violence and coups. Americans thus decided to occupy the country in order to pacify the operations by instilling stability in the government a feature that would protect the interests of the American investors in the country. Haiti thus became a US colony with the American marines killing all the insurgents and replacing the Haitian constitutions in order to permit foreigners to own land in the country a previous taboo that only the Germans who had managed to intermarry with the local elite Haitian society could manage. While the American government sought to protect the interest of its citizens living in the country and its international trade, the idea to colonize the country forcefully and replace its constitution was unrealistic. By doing this, the American government despised the sovereignty of the country thus imposing its legislations on the foreign land. Question 2 Neoreali sm is the most effective theory that explains American involvement in the Vietnam War. The theory asserts that power is one of the most important factor in international relations. According to the theory, powerful nations can intervene in the affairs of another state by manipulating their institutions of power. The power in this context may infer economic or military and the United States of America enjoyed both a feature that compelled her to get involved with the war. The spread of communism threatened her economic power a feature that compelled her to intervene in a bid to contain the spread in the eastern bloc. The United States of America had several foreign interests in the country that was an entry point to the eastern market. Additionally, it needed to pass a message to the rest of the countries in the eastern bloc making them aware of its political and military might. Realism on the other hand also draws several relevance to American involvement in the war. The theory asse rts that self-interests are the sole drive of international politics. To validate the claim, the theory explains that humans are not always benevolent but greedy, self-centered and extremely competitive. To safe guard their interests, different states ascribed to equality and autonomy thus earning them equal roles to dialogue and resolve international issues amicably. However, the theory acknowledges the selfish nature of human and the desire to prove their might over the rest of the population. The United States of America that is the world’s strongest economy thus decided to exploit its economic and military might by invading Vietnam and starting a fight in order to contain the spread of communism. The war resulted in the deaths of millions of the locales and many other America soldiers and had serious financial implications on the country and her tax system. However, the US deployed all the financial and human capita to the foreign territory in order to prove her economic might to the eastern bloc (Devitt 22). Question 3 John Mearsheimer fosters offensive realism and explains lies that countries tell each other as a means of gaining control of security control globally. This thus becomes the best reason with which to explain American interests in the Syrian predicament. While the country through its leadership has used gas

Alhajry Unit 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Alhajry Unit 5 - Essay Example Causes of global warming According to research, the human population has created a significant imbalance between living and planet earth in which the result has been the occurrence of natural disasters reported over the past a hundred years. Ideally, the rise of global temperature started mid twentieth century because of the increase in greenhouse gas emissions to earth’s atmosphere (Maslin 9). Environmentalists agree with the fact that the global temperature’s have increased by 0.5 degrees and will be on an increasing trend for years to come. Researchers indicate that 1990 was the hottest year of the twentieth century with scientists indicating that the global temperatures would rise by at least 3 degrees within the next a hundred years. First, air pollution and the greenhouse effect are the principle causes of global warming as the former is through factory emissions and vehicle gases (Maslin 10). The latter is through the entrapment of gases by green houses that help the sun to cool off, hence influencing the globe to experience higher temperatures. Over the years, the ozone layer has also experienced depletion as the atmosphere has allowed the penetration of harmful gases that heat up the earth. In essence, the ozone layer is the outermost layer of the atmosphere that prevents the damaging of the earth’s surface from radiations that are cancerous. The depletion of the ozone layer due to the heating up of the atmosphere and the resulting puncturing of the same (Ozone Holes) has allowed cancer-causing radiations to penetrate the earth leading to global warming. Further, the sulfur dioxide gas released during volcanic activities also causes global warming as they tend to cause blockage of the sunlight from reaching the earth’s surface hence distorting the global temperatures. With the rise of the global population, there has been an increase in human activity especially on forest as many strive to attain lands to settle in, which ha s led to the increased deforestation levels and decreased crop cover. Deforestation causes global warming because the cutting down of trees decreases the production of oxygen by plants and increases the concentration rates of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Essentially, plants take in carbon dioxide and produce oxygen during the process of photosynthesis in which if forest cover decreases then there would be plenty of harmful carbon dioxide for human beings. On the other hand, the increased use of fertilizers that contain nitrogen oxide as compared to the conventional animal manure has also paved way for increased global temperatures as these fertilizers have heat storage capabilities. Nitrogen oxides have higher heat retention capacities as compared to carbon dioxide and when they get into the atmosphere, they destroy the ozone layer faster hence allowing the penetration of ultraviolet rays. The burning of fossil fuels on a daily basis is another cause of global warming because t hese fuels contain high levels of carbon (Haldar 11). Burning them increases carbon levels in the atmosphere as there is no complete consumption of the same. In the end, the increased establishment of industries and continued human activities continues to rise, the global temper

The effect of temperature in catalyse activity Essay Example for Free

The effect of temperature in catalyse activity Essay Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts. They are made in cells. A catalyst is something that speeds up a reaction, but does not get used up in the reaction. One can usually be used many times. An example of this is shown in the following diagram: Prediction and Scientific Knowledge I predict, that if I have a higher enzyme concentration, then this will cause a higher rate of catalyse activity, because there will be more active places for a reaction to take place, which will cause more chemical reactions because of successful collisions because of the active site of the enzyme and substrate. The collision theory states that molecules must collide with sufficient energy (activation energy) if a reaction is to take place. As temperature increases more molecules gain this activation energy, hence more collisions occur per second, so the rate increases. This is what will happen in my experiment. The product will be the carbon dioxide produced. I believe the rate of reaction will be at its peak when used in conjunction with water at a temperature of 40? C, because if the temperature exceeds this then the enzyme is also not efficient due to the lock and key hypothesis, which states, when an enzyme gets to a certain temperature, it denatures and cannot function properly. Apparatus The apparatus I will be required to use in this experiment are a: Conical Flask (plus cork) Measuring cylinder (Cylindrical) Borer Delivery tube Water Water bath (room temperature, 30? C, 40? C, 50? C and 60? C) Knife White tile Ruler Variables Stop watch Bung The variables used in this experiment will be: The varying temperature of the water The volume of H2O2 The amount of Potato (for this experiment we used #cm as if we used a certain weight rather than length, the surface area would be different for each piece, so therefore making the test unfair. The shape of the potato (again to do with the surface area) The time of the reaction so as to gain the correct readings from each test. Apparatus and Diagram Method Firstly we gathered together the above apparatus and set up the experiment as shown in the diagram. We would use 2, 3cm size pieces of potato for each test tube and carry out each individual test 3 times and gain an average reading. The tests would involve testing the reactivity with 5 different water temperatures, these temperatures: Room temperature, 30? C, 40? C, 50? C, 60? C We decided with the experiment that we would time the reaction for 1 minute and then note down the reading of oxygen (O2) produced. To insure that the temperatures were at their exact point and to make sire the we stable, we used water baths, which heat the water to the exact temperature and keep the temperature constant, as to make the test a fair one. As with all experiments, we had to be aware of safety, for a number of reasons: We were using a knife to cut up the potatoes, which, when being used wrongly could lead to injury. H2O2 is a corrosive substance, so we had to be careful that we did not come in direct physical contact with it (i. e. spill it on our skin) and finally, We were using a water of high temperature (50 and 60) so had to be careful not to burn ourselves. Table of Results Temperature (? C) Test 1 (O2 produced in cmi ) Test 2 (O2 produced in cmi ) Test 3 (O2 produced in cmi ) Average (cmi ) 20. 0 (room temp) 1. 20 0. 80 0. 90 0. 96 30. 0 1. 40 1. 80 2. 00 1. 73 40. 0 2. 40 2. 60 3. 10 2. 70 50. 0 1. 80 2. 00 1. 50 1. 76 60. 0 0. 07 0. 09 0. 10 0. 086 Summary of Results You can see from the results, the reaction rate slowly increases as it goes from 20 to 40 and at 50 it has begun to denature, but by 60 the enzymes have completely denatured and the reaction is very small. Conclusion The scientific knowledge we gathered during our theoretical side of the experiment proved to create results that we easily distinguishable when plotted against what we had predicted to find. For example, the lock and key hypothesis states that once an enzyme has reached a certain temperature beyond its optimum, it becomes denatured and cannot function properly as a catalyst and therefore not speed up the reaction. The collision theory also comes into the experiment, as with a greater volume of H2O2 the experiment rate of reaction would increase. This is due to the fact that with a greater volume, there will be more successful collisions between both reactants. To conclude the practical experiment, we found that due to the enzymes being biological, they denature once they reach a certain high degrees, and we found the reaction decreased severely between 40 and 60. This suggests that the enzymes began to denature somewhere before 50. We also found that the results reflected the theoretical calculations we had made earlier (i. e. the collision theory: Rate = Change in Volume/Time) This also suggests that if we used a greater volume of H2O2 then the rate of reaction would speed up (e. g. in this experiment the rate of reaction was directly proportional to the rate of reaction. ) Evaluation The aim of our experiment was to see whether temperature has an effect on catalyse activity, from my results we can see that it does. The procedure of this experiment was fairly straight forward and was carried out correctly though there were certain things that complicated the practical side of it. The quality of the data we obtained was if not perfect, close to correct as it approximately fitted with our theoretical predictions that after 40 the enzymes would begin to denature and by 60 they would be completely ineffective in the reaction. With most experiments like this one, there are always going to be certain factors that either arent carried out properly or are not going to work quite as they should in a classroom atmosphere, as it is far different from a scientific lab, but I feel that the experiment was suitable and we received good, accurate results. There are a few improvements that could be made to improve the fairness and accuracy of the experiment. For example: Use either a more accurate water bath, or other device that can heat to a certain temperature and keep that temperature at a constant level. And Use a more accurate instrument (rather than a knife and ruler) to cut out the potatoes to insure they are all of exactly the same length and surface area, to keep the test fair. Another thing I would have done is use a pureed potato instead of using a potato cylinder like I did. This is because it would give more active sites for a reaction to take place.

The Concept of Total Warfare :: Papers

The Concept of total Warfare developed in the early nineteenth century due to the economic development and political ideology. Factors that constitute total war 1) The percentage of the population that identifies itself with the war of its nation. i.e the citizens feeling about the conflict, a just war. 2) The percentage of the population and resources that participate in the conflict, in terms of industrial, agricultural and military terms. 3) The percentage of people affected by the conflict, in economic, social and military terms. 4) Common objective pursued by the conflict. Prior to the development of the modern state system, conflict was limited The war of total populations. In the age of total warfare, mass identify themselves fully with the nation's conflict Morally- the righteousness of the conflict in the interest of the nation Empirical - The character of conflict since the Napoleonic period. In the period of limited war, a state or a sovereign has the right to declare war in terms of ethics and law, against those who did not have the moral and legal right to take up arms. Yet one must keep in mind that all just war in the period of limited warfare was ambiguous and was discarded in the nineteenth century as leaders realized conflict to be a instrument of national/ dynastic policy. Conflict was often limited to outmaneuvering the enemy. Prior to the Napoleonic war it was common for a sovereign to use foreign troop's and mercenaries in conflict. e.g British use of German troops in the American war of independence. Even in the Napoleonic wars it was common to see foreign troops to used in conflict. In this period desertion was common not only among individual solders but of entire fighting formations. The French were the fist use conscription in 1793. To safeguard the newly created The First Republic, universal military service was used as a vehicle of nationalism. This was to be a character of modern war. French in the revolutionary war's Prussian and Italian wars of liberation and unifications War by total populations. Conflict in the twentieth century differed from that of the nineteenth century. National liberation and unification to national universalism, the increase in the percentage of the population participation in conflict was enlarged due to the economic changers of the previous decades. Not only did able bodied man had to participate in conflict women,children and the old now had to be used for the purpose of warfare.

Leading them to Believe Essay

To serve God and our country, we must develop our talents and skills. Use what talents you possess; the wood be silent if no birds sang there except those that sang best By: Henry Van Dyke Each of possess different and unique talents that we can use to serve our country specially our God who give this special skills to us. Each of us can make a difference if we believe in ourselves that we can make it for our country because we use it on the right way // We can change other people’s life if we lead them to show their talents and not just only to hide it/ But the most important thing that we must know and not to forget is in everything that you do/ Do it all for the glory of God! Use what talents you have. Many singers, actors, dancers, philosophers, mathematicians, inventors, have succeed because they use their skills and do their best to achieve their dreams. As you can see, they use their skills to serve our country. Inventors invented many machines and technologies to make our life easy. Several singers like lea Salonga, Jessica Sanchez and Charice Pempengco have received numerous awards that brings glory on our country Philippines. Some people claim they don’t have any special talents or skills, or they don’t pursue discovering them. But God desires every member of the body of Christ to use abilities he divinely gave. Therefore, each believer has the responsibility to seek out and discover God given talents doing this can launch a lifetime of enjoyable service to God. One way to recognize our talents is to ask close friends or family members which areas they see as our strengths. In receiving this talents, we have several choices, we can set them aside in disappointment and pursue something that looks better in our own eyes, we can develop them for personal gain or we can cultivate and practice them as our own gifts back to God. When it comes to long term fulfillment, however we find greatest satisfaction when our gifts and abilities are used as intended. When God gives you a talent, he expects you to use it. It’s like a muscle, if you use it, it will grow. If you don’t, you’ll lose it. If you have a talent but are afraid to use it, or if you get lazy and don’t use it to benefit others, you’re going to lose it. Like the parable of the ten talents in the bible, if you don’t use what Godhas given you, he will take it away and give it to someone else who will. But if you use talents wisely, God will give you more. God will bless your level of faithfulness.

Rizal: Bayaning Third World

At the part where in Rizal almost burn the manuscript of Noli Me Tangere made me think that it was a symbol of him letting go of what he strongly believed in connection to him not involved with â€Å"Himagsikan†. He became hopeless and I think he became afraid of death, probably, However, since he continued the publishing of Noli Me Tangere, I believe, he gained back his strong convictions regarding our democracy and showed his nationalism and patriotism. I thought what I know about Rizal was enough to understand his life, works and writing but having finished this independent film widened my understanding not only for Rizal’s positive sides but also for his flaws. Jose Rizal being a national hero considering his great influence not only in the Philippines but to other countries he had gone also with his works, the great impact he left with our history as a country and culture as its citizen, his weight to some indigenous religions also has his own flaws and faults because he is also a human being capable of doing those things. Less people know Rizal’s â€Å"dark side†Ã¢â‚¬â€ controversies, I myself was one of those before I watched this film. We were focused on his good side, his achievements and contributions for the betterment of our country but having the chance to know his flaws which until now haunts him, we must understand him and not condone the fact that he was still a human being. Rizal really don’t want to be a hero, he just wanted to prove his great passion and love for our country. Indeed, Rizal chose to die because it was one way to give weight to his beliefs and philosophy. We all have our own Rizal. We have different perceptions and understanding regarding his life, works and writings. As for me, though he is not as â€Å"perfect† as a national hero should be, I still salute and look up to him for his immense contributions and grand legacy which is applicable until now. Despite his imperfection, it didn’t lessen his heroism. In fact, his controversies made his life more interesting and it only made him more famous not only during his time but now and in the future generations. I didn’t get surprised that many critiqued his life but for me he is still the rd world hero of all time. How can we become Rizal in our own little ways? By following simple rules and regulations and by paying the right tax. There are a lot more and it is up to you to think of whatever way it suites you. Let us be a modern-day Rizal to continue his legacy for the future generation. Bayaning Third World is a film of substance. It is very appealing and is highly recommended for other stu dents studying Rizal. It is effective for my learning. Even if our 1-peso coin is in constant devaluing, Rizal still remain number one in our hearts.

Free Essays on Getting Rid of the Stereotypes and Teaching in a Multicultural Perspective

Overview: It is rare that any two-classroom teachers will have the same definition for multicultural education. â€Å"The basic goal of multicultural education is to help all children understand and appreciate events and people from various points of view† (Welton, 113). Teaching with a multicultural perspective encourages appreciation and understanding of other cultures as well as one’s own. Rey Gomez states that teaching with this perspective promotes the child’s sense of the uniqueness of his own culture as a positive characteristic and enables the child to accept the uniqueness of the cultures of others. Children’s attitudes toward their race and ethnic group and other cultural groups begin to form early in the preschool years. Children are easily influenced by the cultural, opinions, and attitudes of their caregivers. Caregiver’s perceptions of ethnic and racial groups can affect the child’s attitudes toward those minority groups. â€Å"Early childhood educators can influence the development of positive attitudes in young children by learning about and promoting the various cultures represented among the children they teach† (Gomez, 1). Gomez also states young children can develop stereotypic viewpoints of cultures different from their own when similarities among all individuals are not emphasized. Teachers can help eliminate stereotypes by presenting material and activities that enable children to learn the similarities of all individuals. Early childhood teachers and parents of young children should become aware of the myths and assumptions assoc iated with multicultural e! ducation so that they develop appropriate goals and methods. Listed below are the assumptions of multicultural education created by Paul Gorski and Bob Covert: 1. It is increasingly important for political, social, educational and economic reasons to recognize the US is a culturally diverse society. 2. Multicultural education is f... Free Essays on Getting Rid of the Stereotypes and Teaching in a Multicultural Perspective Free Essays on Getting Rid of the Stereotypes and Teaching in a Multicultural Perspective Overview: It is rare that any two-classroom teachers will have the same definition for multicultural education. â€Å"The basic goal of multicultural education is to help all children understand and appreciate events and people from various points of view† (Welton, 113). Teaching with a multicultural perspective encourages appreciation and understanding of other cultures as well as one’s own. Rey Gomez states that teaching with this perspective promotes the child’s sense of the uniqueness of his own culture as a positive characteristic and enables the child to accept the uniqueness of the cultures of others. Children’s attitudes toward their race and ethnic group and other cultural groups begin to form early in the preschool years. Children are easily influenced by the cultural, opinions, and attitudes of their caregivers. Caregiver’s perceptions of ethnic and racial groups can affect the child’s attitudes toward those minority groups. â€Å"Early childhood educators can influence the development of positive attitudes in young children by learning about and promoting the various cultures represented among the children they teach† (Gomez, 1). Gomez also states young children can develop stereotypic viewpoints of cultures different from their own when similarities among all individuals are not emphasized. Teachers can help eliminate stereotypes by presenting material and activities that enable children to learn the similarities of all individuals. Early childhood teachers and parents of young children should become aware of the myths and assumptions assoc iated with multicultural e! ducation so that they develop appropriate goals and methods. Listed below are the assumptions of multicultural education created by Paul Gorski and Bob Covert: 1. It is increasingly important for political, social, educational and economic reasons to recognize the US is a culturally diverse society. 2. Multicultural education is f...

Art Piece Anotation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Art Piece Anotation - Essay Example Falconet continued with hard work in sculpturing and he was successful in developing his first sculpture by the name Milo of Crotone (In French it is Milon de Crotone) (Artfinding.com, 2006). This successful bit of art made Falconet very famous and immediately he was absorbed and became a member of â€Å"Academie des beaux-arts† in the year 1754 (Artfinding.com, 2006). This was the royal academy of painting and sculpture that only had prominent outstanding painters and sculpture of the time being appointed to be members. Due to his hard work, the sculptures he developed between the year 1755 to 1757 made him get appointed to be the director of sculpture workshops in that royal academy. This sculpture is a figure of a great legend known as Milo of Crotone. This was a real life portrait of a Grecian wrestler of the 6th century; who was born in a town called Magna Grecian city of Croton in southern Italy (Djibnet.com, 2011). Milo was a great wrestler who at all time enjoyed the career since he always won. In addition to this, Milo was also an athlete and had won many wrestling and athletics competitions during important festivals of ancient Greece (Djibnet.com, 2011). Moreover, Milo is also remembered for his role in leading his fellow citizens to a military triumph in 510 B.C. over their neighbors in Sybaris (Djibnet.com, 2011). Milo was also associated with another Crotonean Pythagoras who was once saved by Milo from a collapsing roof (Djibnet.com, 2011). In repayment Milo was given the daughter of Pythagoras called Myia. His name became very famous and the greatest complement was on his strength and power. This is the main theme portrayed in most of his statues developed by most artists. It should be noted that the sculpture of Milon de Crotone is entirely constructed from the artistic literature demonstrating Milo’s power, strength and his painful death. Milo’s legendary strength and unique death have currently

Final Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Final Project - Essay Example To prove this, data from Anne Arundel, Talbot, Dorchester, Calvert County, and their relative Chesapeake Bay areas, will be collected and compared. Excessive amounts of nutrients can cause the growth of microscopic plants algae. When its population explodes or thrives, the water quality depletes. The water itself appears cloudy and blocks sunlight to the aquatic plants (SAV) that need the precious sunlight for their survival. When they dont get this energy, they die. These aquatic plants provide food and shelter for Bays inhabitants. Fish and crabs are among the prime animals. Overall, the whole Bays habitat is damaged. Algae grows due to excessive nutrients. And preventing sunlight from reaching the aquatic plants is not the only problem they cause. By blocking the sunlight, they also reduce the oxygen levels in the water during certain months. This is especially true through the summertime as decaying algae starts to sink in the water. The microscopic animals and bacteria feed on these plants. This process consumes the limited oxygen present in the water. As a result of the dying algae and hot summers the oxygen levels in the Bays water start to decline, killing different organisms in the process. It is very difficult to find data on this topic. The Chesapeake Bay area is enormous and finding this complicated, and huge volume of data is a time-consuming process. The primary sources used to obtain data for this study were; First the research area was selected. Then a focused area was selected using ArcMap. This process revealed the permanently preserved agricultural lands. Talbot, Dorchester, Calvert and an Anne Arundel are the four primary agricultural areas. Later the priority preserved agricultural areas were identified such as Annapolis in Anne Arundel. The data revealed oxygen levels less than 0.2 mg/l in anoxic

The concept and characteristics of Leadership viewed through the Essay

The concept and characteristics of Leadership viewed through the JoHari Window - Essay Example The Johari window is often referred to as a ‘Disclosure/feedback’ model of self awareness and as a tool for processing information. It’s a self awareness tool because it represents information on feelings, attitudes, views, skills, intentions, experiences and motivation that a person presents in relation to his team, from four different angles. The two main concepts behind the Johari window is that the individuals are able to foster relations based on trust by simply disclosing personal information about themselves and secondly, they can become better persons by dealing with personal issues with the assistance obtained from others [Chapman 2003]. Essentially, better understanding between individuals and groups can be created with the assistance of the Johari window. It is also applicable to the leadership of an organization as it is in understanding the concept of the Johari window that leaders are able to understand the value and importance of self disclosure. This then results to their appreciation of giving and receiving personal feedback. When the Johari window is administered with sensitivity, the team members are able to build trusting relationships amongst themselves, are able to deal with problems and consequently be more effective as a team. This automatically leads to improved productivity within the organization, which is an objective for any goal oriented organization. Loft and Ingham, the founders of the Johari window, divided this window into four quadrants as show below: Quadrant 1 Open Area /Public Area/ The arena Quadrant2 Blind Area / Blind Spot Quadrant 3 Hidden Area Quadrant 4 Unknown Area Open Area | Public Area | The arena This quadrant represents the areas that are known by both ourselves and others. These areas are such as our strengths and weaknesses which we openly choose to share with and display to others. Information known in this quadrant is both factual and behavioral. Factual information is such as one's name and place of residence. While behavioral information includes: wants, needs, feelings etc. This quadrant is a basic description of who one is. Whenever individuals meet for the first time, the size of this quadrant is small and individuals have the choice of whether or not to expand it by exchanging information. Blind Area / Blind Spot This quadrant represents the traits that others know about an individual but are unknown to the individual. These traits could be positive or negative and have an influence on how others respond towards the individual. These traits could be as simple as appearance or as complex as feelings of insecurity, inadequacy and incompetence. More often than not, it is difficult to communicate these traits to an individual as it may sometimes be viewed to be degrading or attacking. This poses a problem as the relationship can be compromised. Hidden / Avoided Area This quadrant represents information that an individual knows about himself but is unknown to others. Unless the individual deliberately decides to reveals this information, it remains unknown. Feelings of trust and comfort usually encourage people to reveal more about themselves and consequently, the window shade is pulled down;

Frontier Airlines Portfolio Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Frontier Airlines Portfolio - Research Proposal Example former Frontier Airlines, together with the founders put together a business plan to reformulate the company into a new incarnation and call it ‘Frontier’. With an investment of $516,000, the business could forge a new place for itself in the market. On February 9, 1994, this plan was put into action as the newly formed company became incorporated. The head office was opened on March 15, starting an airline that could serve both coasts and earn a position as a ‘national’ airline (Our History, 2009). In April of 1994, private stock placements net $1.3 million, and by May 20 public stock offerings earn $7.6 million which covers the startup financing as outlined in the business plan. By June 9, the first reservation is made by our first passenger and the company is ready to fly! By July 1, 1994, Continental Airlines has vacated 25 routes through Denver, which allows Frontier to launch its first flights on July 5th. In the first month of service, Frontier carries 5,922 passengers and in the next five months, the airline has added several new routes. Within the first six months that Frontier has been flying, the airline We are now flying to Las Vegas, Los Angeles, and other locations, and will be adding flights to Seatle/Tacoma, San Diego, and St Louis during the year. The airline ends flights to Fargo and Bismarck, N.D., which is an end to the original eight destinations flown by the airline. At the end of 1996, the airline has increased its size in eighteen months of operation to a fleet of 10 737’s, 725 employees, and 1,877,3372 passengers. (1993, 2009). In 1997, Frontier announces that it will merge with Western Pacific, but the merger is called off in September. However, Western Pacific is forced to shut down operations in February of 1998, allowing Frontier to become the principal carrier out of Denver International Airport, offering low-fare prices and quality service. By the end of 1998 we have grown to a fleet size of 17 Boeing 737

Appraisal Techniques Available to Finance Managers

Appraisal Techniques Available to Finance Managers INTRODUCTION: What are the different appraisal techniques available to finance managers to make decisions relating to investment projects? Discuss each of them and recommend, giving your reasons, which of them you consider as the best technique applicable to your company. INVESTMENT APPRAISAL: Investment appraisal also known as capital budgeting. As finance manager one of the important areas of decision-making for the long-term is must to tackle the investment the need to committed funds by buying buildings, machinery and land. Finance manager have to check of the size of the inflows and outflows of funds, for handling these types of decisions, the degree of risk and the lifespan of the investment cost of obtaining funds are despatched. The capital budgeting cycle can be summarised in some stage which are as follows: Expecting investment needs Identifying project to satisfy needs Examine the alternatives Choose the best alternatives Making the spend Monitor the project Looking at investment appraisal involves us in stage 3 and 4 of this cycle. We can classify capital expenditure projects into four broad categories: Maintenance replacing old or obsolete assets for example. Profitability quality, productivity or location improvement for example. Expansion new products, markets and so on. Indirect social and welfare facilities. Even the projects that are unlikely to generate profits should be subjected to investment appraisal. This should help to identify the best way of achieving the projects aims. So investment appraisal may help to find the cheapest way to provide a new staff restaurant, even though such a project may be unlikely to earn profits for the company. WHAT ARE THE INVESTMENT APPRAISAL TECHNIQUES? Investment Appraisal also known as Capital Budgeting is used to assess whether capital Expenditure on a particular project will be beneficial for the entity or not. These techniques can be used to evaluate projects both in the private and public sector companies. Most commonly used the following techniques. A: Traditional Methods 1: Payback Period 2: Accounting Rate of Return (ARR) B: Discounted Cash Flow Methods 3: Discounted Payback Period 4: Net Present Value (NPV) 5: Internal Rate of Return (IRR) 6: Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR) 7: Adjusted Present Value (APV) Traditional Methods Payback and Accounting rate of return (ARR) period are non discounted methods while all other mentioned methods are discounted. By discounted it is meant that the time value of money is considered in these methods. 1: Payback Period Payback period calculates the time taken by a project to recoup the initial investment. For a finance manager, evaluating projects by this technique would prefer projects with short payback period than those with longer payback periods.It is simple to calculate and easy to understand. Payback is literally the amount of time required for the cash inflows from a capital investment project to equal the cash outflows. The usual way that firms deal with deciding between two or more competing projects is to accept the project that has the shortest payback period. Payback is mostly used as a starting screening method. Payback period = Initial payment / Annual cash inflow So, if  £12,000000 is invested with the aim of earning  £12,00000 per year or net cash earnings, the payback period is calculated thus: P =  £12,000000 /  £12,00000 = 10 years This all looks fairly easy! But what if the project has more uneven cash inflows? Then we need to work out the payback period on the cumulative cash flow over the duration of the project as a whole. Payback with uneven cash flows: Of course, in the real world, investment projects by business organisations dont yield even cash flows. Have a look at the following projects cash flows with an initial investment in year 0 of  £120,000 The payback period is precisely 6 years. The shorter the payback period, the better the investment, under the payback method. We can appreciate the problems of this method when we consider appraising several projects alongside each other. We can see that the payback period for two of the projects (3, 5) is six years. In this case, then, the two projects are of equal merit. But, here we must face the real problem posed by payback: the time value of income flows. Put simply, this issue relates to the sacrifice made as a result of having to wait to receive the funds. In economic terms, this is known as the opportunity cost. More on this point follows later. So, because there is a time value constraint here, the two projects cannot be viewed as equivalent. Project 3 is better than 5 because the revenues flow quicker in years five and six. Project 4 is better than Projects 1 and 2, because of the earlier flows and because the post-payback revenues are concentrated in the earlier part of that period. So its clear that the payback method is a bit of a blunt instrument. So why use it? Advantages of payback: 1st, it is popular because of its simplicity. Research over the years has shown that UK firms favour it and perhaps this is understandable given how easy it is to calculate. 2nd, in a business environment of rapid technological change, new plant and machinery may need to be replaced sooner than in the past, so a quick payback on investment is essential. 3rd, the investment climate in UK in particular demands that the investors got fast returns. Mostly long-term profitable possibilities investments are viewed due to longer wait for revenues flow. Disadvantages of payback: It has not enough real facts, which choose the length of best payback time? No one from other does it is planned by pitting one investment opportunity against another. Cash flows are regarded as either pre-payback or post-payback, but the latter tend to be ignored. Payback takes no account of the effect on business profitability. Its sole concern is cash flow. Payback summary. It is probably best to regard payback as one of the first methods you use to assess competing projects. It could be used as an initial screening tool, but it is inappropriate as a basis for sophisticated investment decisions. 2: Accounting Rate of Return (ARR): This technique compares the profit earned by the project to the initial investment required for the project. Thus a project with higher rate of return is preferred. The Accounting rate of return expresses the profits arising from a project as a percentage of the initial capital cost. However the definition of profits and capital cost are different depending on which textbook you use. For instance, the profits may be taken to include depreciation, or they may not. One of the most common approaches is as follows: ARR = (Average annual revenue / Initial capital costs) x 100 Lets use this simple example to illustrate the ARR: A project to replace an item of machinery is being appraised. The machine will cost  £550,000 and is expected to generate total revenues of  £80,000 over the projects seven year life. What is the ARR for this project? ARR = [( £ 90,000 / 7) / 550,000] x 100 ARR = 2.37% Advantages of ARR As with the Payback method, the chief advantage with ARR is its simplicity. This makes it relatively easy to understand. There is also a link with some accounting measures that are commonly used. The Accounting rate of return is similar to the Return on Capital Employed in its construction; this may make the ARR easier for business planners to understand. The ARR is expressed in percentage terms and this, again, may make it easier to use.There are several criticisms of ARR which raise questions about its practical application: Disadvantages of ARR: 1st, the ARR doesnt take account of the project duration or the timing of cash flows over the course of the project. 2nd, the concept of profit can be very subjective, varying with specific accounting practice and the capitalisation of project costs. As a result, the ARR calculation for identical projects would be likely to result in different outcomes from business to business. 3rd, there is no definitive signal given by the ARR to help manager to decide whether or not to invest. This lack of a guide for decision making means that investment decisions remain subjective. Discounted Cash Flow Methods 3: Discounted Payback Period This technique works similar to payback period, the difference here is that discounted values of cash flows are used for calculation of the payback period. 4: Net Present Value (NPV) The NPV method calculates the present values for all future cash flows. The discount rate may be the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) or it may be any cost of capital depending on the risk of the project in consideration. This type of appraisal is regarded superior to the ARR and the payback period, however there are certain assumptions, on which this technique is based, making its evaluation less reliable. The Net Present Value (NPV) is the first Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) technique covered here. It successes on the idea of situation cost to put a value on cash inflows increasing from capital investment. Keep in mind that opportunity cost is the calculation of what has been given or forward as a result of a special decision. It is also referred to as the real cost of taking some action. We can look at the concept of present value as being the cash equivalent now of a sum receivable at a later date. So how does the opportunity cost affect revenues that we can expect to receive later? Well, imagine what a business could do now with the cash sums it must wait some time to receive. Looked at another way, it is simply that the business have to receive the capital to invest in the project. So, it has to wait for the revenues arising from the investment, the interest is paid on received capital. NPV is a technique where cash inflows expected in future years are discounted back to their present value. This is calculated by using a discount rate equivalent to the interest that would have been received on the sums, had the inflows been saved, or the interest that has to be paid by the firm on funds borrowed. Present Value Table Net Present Value tables provide a value for a range of years and discount rates. Notice the time scale used in the table: The present value for 0 years is always 1, and this is not included in the present value table. If we are looking to find the present value of  £ 10, 0000 which you expect to receive in 5 years time, at a rate of interest of 7 %, we should use the following table: Step 1 Look down the top column of the table (After n years) and find 5 years. Step 2 Look across the row titled At rate r for the rate of interest of 7 %. Step 3 Where the row for 5 years intersects with the column for 7 % in the table, there is the relevant present value factor. In this case this is 0.713. Step 4 Multiply  £ 10, 0000 by 0.713 =  £ 71300 NPV Illustration Calculate the present value of the following projects cash flows, using a 10 % discount rate. Assessing the value of NPV calculations is simple. A positive NPV means that the project is worthwhile because the cost of tying up the firms capital is compensated for by the cash inflows that result. When more than one project is being appraised, the firm should choose the one that produces the highest NPV. 5:Internal Rate of Return (IRR): IRR calculates the rate at which the NPV of a project equals zero. According to this method if the cost of capital of a company is more than the IRR, the project will be rejected and if it is lower than the cost of capital it is likely to be accepted. IRR and NPV concepts are correlated. We know that when a positive NPV is produced by our DCF calculations, a project is worthwhile. We have also seen that when there are competing projects, we should select the one that produces the highest NPV. But sometimes a finance manager will wants to know how well a project will perform under a range of interest rate scenarios. The aim with IRR is to answer the question: What level of interest will this project be able to withstand? Once we know this, the risk of changing interest rate conditions can effectively be minimised. The IRR is the annual percentage return achieved by a project, at which the sum of the discounted cash inflows over the life of the project is same to the sum of the capital invested. Another way of looking at this is that the IRR is the rate of interest that reduces the NPV to zero. Making the investment decision Lets set out the criteria for accepting or rejecting investment opportunities, using the NPV and IRR. As a Finance manager, considering whether to accept or reject an investment project, on the basis of their acquiring the funds necessary at a known rate of interest. 1: The NPV approach asks if the present value of cash inflows less the initial investment is positive, at the current borrowing rate. 2: The IRR approach asks if the IRR on the project is greater than the borrowing rate. Illustration of NPV IRR An initial investment of  £ 2500 in a project produces cash inflows of  £ 750,  £ 750,  £ 900,  £ 900 and  £ 595 at 12 month intervals. The cost of capital to finance the project is 12 %.We are required to decide whether the project is worthwhile using: 1. The Net Present Value 2. The Internal Rate of Return A positive NPV makes the project worthwhile because the cost of tying up the firms capital is compensated for by the cash inflows that result. 2. IRR The above calculation for NPV used a 12 % discount rate and produced a positive value of  £ 318.07. We need to find a discount rate that produces a negative NPV. Lets try 20 %. The IRR lies between 12 % and 20 %. But we can get much closer to the precise answer by using arithmetic. IRR = 12% + Difference between the two discount x Positive NPV Range of +ve to â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"ve NPVs IRR = 12 % + (8 % x 318.07) IRR = 478.73 IRR = 12 % + 5.32 IRR = 17.32 % IRR Problems While there are some different difficulties with the IRR, MIRR solves two of them. First problem is the IRR accepts that interim complete money movements are invested again at the rate of return which was same as the project which creates them. This is most often happening a plan which is not real and a very simple situation, that the funds will be invested again at a rate where the firms cost of capital is closure. Therefore, the IRR often provides a reasonable, hopeful image of the projects which is under study. Normally for checking the projects in the fair way, the weighted average cost of capital can be used for investing again the interim money movements. 2nd, you can find more than one IRRs for projects with different negative and positive flows of cash, which control to confusion. IRR Summary: The value to a business of calculating the IRR is that its decision-makers are able to see the level of interest that a project can withstand. In the case where a number of projects are competing for selection, the one that is most resilient can be chosen. 6: Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR) (MIRR) is a managing the methods of an investments attractiveness. It is used in capital budgeting to give the rank to different investments. Modified Internal Rate of Return is a change of the (IRR) internal rate of return and intent to solve some problems with the internal rate of return (IRR). Using (IRR) we assumes that reinvestment rate of the company is the (IRR). (MIRR) overcomes this assumption and evaluate projects on the assumption that the reinvestment rate is the same as the companys cost of capital. This assumption for the cost of capital makes it a more effective technique as compared to the IRR. MIRR is calculated as follows: mbox{MIRR}=sqrt[n]{frac{-FV(text{positive cash flows, reinvestment rate})}{PV(text{negative cash flows, finance rate})}}-1 Where n is used for the number of same periods which is at the finish stage, where the cash flows occur, PV is used for present value, FV is used for future value. 7:Adjusted Present Value (APV) APV method is used for evaluating investment in projects where risks for a project are different from the company considering such undertakings. This type of evaluation overcomes weaknesses present in the NPV technique. Adjusted present value (APV) is similar to NPV. Use the cost of equity as the discount rate is different. For the financing effects different adjustments are made. Normally with DCF models, adjusted present value calculation is simple but boring. Calculating the first step of an APV is to calculating the basic NPV by using the cost of equity like discount rate. The companys cost of equity and this may be the same. To recalculate using CAPM and by estimating a beta, in some cases may be it is necessary. First calculated the base of NPV, after that calculate the NPV of every set of cash flows which results from financing. The tax results of using debt rather than equity are most obvious. The cost of debt can be discounted or that shows unknown activities about the tax effects at a higher rate. NPV of the tax effects is added then to the basic NPV. If there are some other activities of financing, also added or subtracted, then APV is the final result. Given capital organization unrelated, savings from the financing should be levelled by changes in the necessary return on equity and changes in capital structure as well. Normally this makes a simple NPV with the WACC like the discount rate suitable. Normal NPV calculation: Where, in a simple situation: These more complicated situations are more easily handled BY using Adjusted Present Value (APV), more difficult conditions are very easy to handle. APV based on the below: APV = NPV of project pretended, itâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s all equity financed + NPV of financing results. APV divide the total value of the project into different parts: any debt is no used for value assuming in one part, and then using the debt in capital structure we add the extra value Best Technique: After discussing all the financial appraisal techniques, it seems that the choice of best financial appraisal techniques depends upon the nature of Project. References Internal Rate of Return: A Cautionary Tale Find MIRR with FinEasy MIRR v1.0 3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modified_internal_rate_of_return http://www.bized.co.uk/timeweb/reference/using_experiments2.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance http://moneyterms.co.uk/dcf/ http://moneyterms.co.uk/capital-structure/

Culture and Body Modification :: essays research papers fc

The African Bushmen: Driven Out of the Bush and into the Industrial Era?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Technology and Culture have both influenced each other equally. Technology has been directed as an improvement in our lives, but on the other hand, Culture has been present in every invention, noticeable or not, and advancement in our evolving society. Technology is becoming focused upon more and more everyday, but culture is the determining factor that decides if there is a necessity for an improvement. There are endless views and perspectives that this situation can be viewed from, but without a doubt, technology and culture shape one another. Culture has been a part of our society, and way of life, forever. It is almost impossible to come up with an idea that isn’t influenced by culture. Picture our lives without cars, television, and computers. This would be an example of everyday life without technology. People could function happily in that type of atmosphere, but technology has changed our lives forever. Technology has also cha nged our pace and perspective on education. Students previously would have to go to libraries and spend a lot of time researching to find out information for class assignments, but with technology students can find almost anything on their home computers and by accessing the internet. Technology has definitely become the authoritative factor in our lives, but culture has shaped technology. Technology is made and used in such a variety of ways because many people who use the technology of today come from all walks of life and have different necessities, so to compensate for that, technology must adapt to all different cultures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Technology in all of its forms, and in recent times with its rapid improvement and advancement, seems to push itself upon us and our culture, and the same can be said for the rest of the world. Cultures that have never been exposed to technology are now using it in small forms, or have adapted to it quite fondly. These cultures realize the supposed importance of technology in their lives, or may enjoy the simplicity of a new tool that frees up spare time and can get objectives accomplished faster and possibly in a better way than previous endeavors.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Of course, there are cultures than ours who do not so easily embrace technology. This decision on a culture’s part may represent its wish to retain customs, or may just as easily represent its fear.

Crisis hostage management/criminal justice Essay

It is saddening when every day we read about reports of hostage taking happening all over the world. Reports from police intelligence departments across the world indicate that, hostage taking cases ranges from kidnapping of infants to taking hostage of crew of big water vessels, as is rampant along the coast of Somalia in Africa. US is not an exeption, infact many cases of hostage taking have been reported especially in the southern region states. An example of hostage taking case happened at Hillary Rodham Clintons campaign offices in Rochester, New Hampshire. A nicely dressed grey haired man known as Leeland Eisenberg walked into the offices on a Friday demanding to talk to Hillary Clinton about helping him get mental health care and ended up taking at least five people hostage including an infant. The ordeal went on until night when the last hostage walked to freedom and the hostage taker peacefully surrendered to the police. Although Eisenberg had a packet of road flares taped on his body, when he was persuaded by the states police negotiator he gave up and surrendered to SWAT police team. According to Hillary Clinton as she addressed a press conference later in Portsmouth that night, Eisenberg was in need of help and was seeking attention in absolutely the wrong way. Eisenberg was held on state charges of kidnapping and reckless conduct, federal charges were being considered. (http://www. msnbc. msn. com/id/22043358). Another hostage taking incidence occurred in Louisville whereby a mother (Gail Lynn Coontz) killed her two children aged 14 and 10 years in their beds and later went to a college she attended with a gun before handing over the weapon to the college’s health counselor. The threat at Louisville University College ended with no injuries about half an hour after it began, but school officials asked police to check on the children, which were found dead with gunshot wounds. Mrs. Coontz was taken to a psychiatric clinic and later taken to Louisville jail. According to university police, Maj. Kenny Brown, she was charged with terrorist threatening for pointing a gun at a police officer. (http://www. msnbc. msn. com/id/23827059). The two counts of hostage taking were very different from one another because the first case was carried out in a mild manner i. e. no violence was reported, the road flares posed some considerable danger, had the suspect decided to use them. The hostage taker was just trying to seek attention according to Hilary Clinton because he unconditionally released the hostages after persuasion by a police negotiator. The second case was a serious one, with the suspect having shot dead her two children earlier on. It’s true that both hostage taking incidences were perpetuated by people who were undergoing psychological problems. For instance Eisenberg had a court case filled by his wife for drug abuse, assault, and verbal threats, while Mrs. Coontz was a window and therefore was stressed by family burden. In both incidences of hostage taking, the hostage takers were persuaded into giving up peacefully, i. e. they never put up any violent resistence. in view of the US governments policy on hostage taking threats, based on past experience, making concessions that benefit hostage takers in exchange of release of hostages increased the danger that others will be taken hostage. At the same time the US government always makes every effort to contact the captors or even their representatives so as to secure the release of hostages. under current US law, 18 USC 1203(act for prevention and punishment of the crime of hostage taking, enacted oct 1984),seizure of a US citizen as a hostage anywhere in the world is a crime and therefore subject to investigation by the Federal Bureau of Investigation and to prosecution by US authorities (http://www. state. gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2002/8190. htm. ) In the first incidence Eisenberg was sweet talked to by a state police negotiator into giving up and surrendering peacefully to the police. And in the second case Mrs. Coontz although pointed a gun to police a officer she voluntarily gave out the gun to the college health counselor. This shows clearly that the negotiators played their part professionally and with a lot of patient. From both counts it’s evident that very minimal force was applied by the police to free the hostages. In the first incidence for instance, although police camped outside the building they never attempted to use excess force lest they provoke the hostage taker into doing a nasty action. Similarly, in the second incidence police played safe until Mrs. Coontz surrendered the gun to the college health counselor voluntarily. Therefore the outcomes of both cases of hostage taking were a success on the part of police since no one taken hostage was injured and the suspects were apprehended. The articles from which I extracted these two hostage taking counts were fairly written, providing detailed information about the hostage takers, and the hostage taking incidence. But the part on negotiation between the suspects and the negotiators was not well expounded in both counts. Readers would want to know the agreements leading to the softening of hostage takers and hence giving up. The writers also gave very little coverage on police action about the incidences. The motive of the killings of the two children by their mother should have been provided . References: A man takes more than five people hostage at Sen. Hilary Clinton’s campaign office in Rochester N, H, available at; 1) http://www. msnbc. msn. com/id/22043358 accessed on April 15, 2008 a mom takes terrorizes a college with a gun after killing her own two children, available at; 2)http://www. msnbc. msn. com/id/23827059accessed on April 15, 2008 US policy on hostage taking threats, available at; 3) http://www. state. gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2002/8190. htm accessed on April 15, 2008

Jamie Oliver †Spoken Language Essay

Jamie Oliver is a chef who has made a number of television programmes for Channel 4; in most of these programmes he is cooking and instructing the audience, although he is sometimes part of documentaries about food, for example in schools. His style of speech is very different to many of his contemporaries: he uses his distinctive style to present himself as a down to earth, friendly TV chef. Oliver is the only person talking in this transcript because he is cooking and explaining his actions for the TV show. The fact that he is cooking while talking means that there are numerous pauses in the transcript, for example ‘†¦Your burger (2) and then some rosemary’. The two second pause indicates that he is demonstrating this action on the programme; it is important in his role as a TV chef that he doesn’t just sit and talk through a recipe because viewers want to see the recipes being made and they also want to be entertained and kept interested by Oliver moving around in the kitchen. Other pauses suggest that, although this programme is probably scripted to some degree, Oliver is not reading from an autocue but retains an element of spontaneity to his speech. The pauses at the start of the transcript, ‘Hi guys (.) welcome to ministry of food (.)’, are indicators of this spontaneity, as is the non-fluent ‘er’, which is present ed later on in the show. Although sometimes a sign of nervousness, in this case I think the pauses help Oliver to appear normal, like his viewers, so they are more likely to attempt his recipes and, of course, buy his books. Jamie Oliver’s Estuary accent and his accompanying use of London slang are also distinctive features of his talk. A Word such as ‘bash’ is a colloquial and is not a word we expect to hear on a cooking programme. We are used to words from the cooking semantic field such as ‘whisk’, ‘bake’, ‘stir’ but Oliver’s language use again makes him seem very normal, approachable and relaxed. As well as specifically accented words such as the dropping of the ‘h’ in ‘orrible’, Oliver’s elisions ‘gonna’, ‘wanna’ and ‘kinda’ demonstrate his relaxed tone. As well as using these to build a successful TV persona, Oliver could be using this informal language because he is concentrating more on the actual cooking and explaining the key details of the recipe rather than the functional language he uses. It is important that Oliver does not appear too bossy to his audience: they need to feel like they can relate to him; it is therefore important that he moderates his use of imperatives. Throughout the transcript, he softens his instructions to viewers: ‘†¦about a tablespoon of oregano (1) you want about’; ‘an egg some rosemary some (.) mustard’; this lack of precision is encouraging to people watching his because it suggests this recipe is easy to follow. The self-deprecating suggestion that Oliver is not entirely sure of what he is doing, just guessing, means that he does not assume a too-powerful position in relation to his viewers. The word ‘;literally’ implies that the solution is simple and easy, so Oliver maintains his persona as the ‘friendly, easy’ TV chef in contrast with someone like Gordon Ramsay and his very technical, scientific recipes that cannot be replicated in ordinary kitchens. In conclusion, Jamie Oliver uses many features of talk that are typical of TV chefs, such as numerous pauses and imperative instructions which are essential in his role, but he also has a very distinctive personal style of talk, characterised by his accent, use of slang and colloquial vocabulary. He uses his own idiolect to create a successful TV personality that viewers can relate to and follow as a cooking role model.